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A cataract is defined as any opacification of the lens. Cataracts may be congenital, posttraumatic, or induced by medications, but are most commonly the result of age-related changes. Which of the following statements about cataracts best describes its presentation or etiology (cause) ?


A) A cataract can be compared to a window that is frosted or yellowed.
B) Cataracts can be classified as brittle or pliable, based on collagen matrix fibers in the capsule.
C) Cataracts are an early sign of type 1 diabetes.
D) The cloudiness is caused by clumping of lipoproteins in the lens capsule.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Vitrectomy is narrowly defined as removal of all or part of the vitreous gel (body) . Vitrectomy can also vacuum any pooled blood to enhance visual clarity. Select all indications and complications that apply to vitrectomy.


A) Excision of fibrotic membranes
B) Electrocoagulation of bleeding vessels
C) Extraction of floaters
D) Removal of retained foreign bodies
E) Infection
F) Retinal tears and detachment
G) Total vision loss.
H) Cataract

I) E) and F)
J) E) and H)

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