Question 1

For Heider, _____ include abilities and motivation, whereas _____ include task difficulty and luck.

Accepted Answer

A)   individual beliefs; social beliefs
B)   intelligence strengths; effort strengths
C)   dispositional attributions; situational attributions
D)   environmental attributions; personal attributionsE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 2

In Kelley's attribution theory, high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency is likely to result in _____ attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)   temporary
B)   situational
C)   internal
D)   dispositionalE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

The reformulated learned helplessness model states that:

Accepted Answer

A)   lowered self-worth results from attributions of universal helplessness
B)   attributions of "unstable helplessness" lead to a longer duration of depression
C)   lowered self-worth results from attributions of personal helplessness
D)   "specific" attributions of helplessness lead to general depressionE) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

According to Weiner, people tend to judge task difficulty by:

Accepted Answer

A)   time to completion
B)   frustration level
C)   social comparison
D)   prior personal experienceE) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Research on attribution theory suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)   actors tend to make dispositional attributions for their own behavior
B)   actors tend to attribute their own behavior to situational factors
C)   observers tend to attribute the behavior of an actor to situational factors
D)   observers tend to focus on internal rather than external factorsE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

In Weiner's attribution theory, ability and task difficulty are _____ factors, and effort and luck are _____ factors.

Accepted Answer

A)   external; internal
B)   situational; dispositional
C)   stable; unstable
D)   locus; controllableE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Dweck and colleagues (1993)  suggest that some people are _____ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on the basis of fixed traits, and other people are _____ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on basis of malleable traits.

Accepted Answer

A)   environmental; hereditary
B)   entity; incremental
C)   internal; external
D)   incremental; globalE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic assumptions of attribution theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   all behavior is dispositional
B)   people attempt to determine the causes of their own behavior and that of others
C)   rules exist which can explain how people attribute behavior
D)   the causes attributed to particular behaviors will influence subsequent behaviorsE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 9

According to Jones and Davis, attributions usually are formed by observing:

Accepted Answer

A)   neutral behaviors
B)   behaviors most important to us
C)   the common aspects of behaviors
D)   the unique components of behaviorE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Wortman and Brehm (1975)  proposed that the initial reaction to a loss of control is a resistance to the loss of control with subsequent increased effort, which they called:

Accepted Answer

A)   depression
B)   anger
C)   reactance
D)   resolveE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 11

Tom had an argument with his instructor. He has had arguments with other instructors in the past. No one else argues with this instructor. And he has argued with this instructor in the past. According to Kelley's attribution theory, this suggests a _____ attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)   dispositional
B)   aggressive
C)   situational
D)   temporaryE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Kelly's attribution theory proposes that people choose the "best fit" explanation for:

Accepted Answer

A)   other's behavior, but not their own
B)   their own behavior, but not that of others
C)   both their own behavior and that of others
D)   only situations they don't understandE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

One explanation for the self-serving bias is the motive to maintain a positive self-image, called the motive for:

Accepted Answer

A)   grandiosity
B)   self-controllability
C)   self-enhancement
D)   positive emotional biasE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

The study of how we make decisions about the events that we experience is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   attribution theory
B)   decision making theory
C)   hypothesis testing
D)   attribution style hypothesisE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of Jones and Davis (1965)  influences on making a dispositional attribution?

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior must reflect choice
B)   behavior should have low social desirability
C)   behavior should be not common or unique
D)   behavior is forced in the particular environmentE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 16

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)   the fact that attributions are biased toward dispositional explanations
B)   the fact that attributions are biased toward situational explanations
C)   the fact that most attributions are wrong
D)   the fact that attribution theory is based on fundamental errors in reasoningE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

The tendency to attribute behavior to internal, stable characteristics is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   naive psychology
B)   nonnormative attribution
C)   the fundamental attribution error
D)   psychological error attributionE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

The _____ model of learned helplessness relies on the type of attribution the person makes to overcome problems.

Accepted Answer

A)   old
B)   social conformity
C)   reformulated
D)   individualE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is a basic assumption of attribution theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   most causes of behavior are dispositional in nature
B)   people try to determine causes of the behavior of themselves and others
C)   people tend to behave randomly much of the time
D)   people are only interested in the causes of their own behaviorE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

A student fails a test. If we say the reason the student failed was that the test was unfair, we are making a _____ attribution.

Accepted Answer

A)   dispositional
B)   personal
C)   situational
D)   stableE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 10: Cognitive Motivation: Attribution Approaches

In Kelley's attribution theory, high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency is likely to result in _____ attribution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The reformulated learned helplessness model states that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic assumptions of attribution theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on attribution theory suggests that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The _____ model of learned helplessness relies on the type of attribution the person makes to overcome problems.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A student fails a test. If we say the reason the student failed was that the test was unfair, we are making a _____ attribution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tom had an argument with his instructor. He has had arguments with other instructors in the past. No one else argues with this instructor. And he has argued with this instructor in the past. According to Kelley's attribution theory, this suggests a _____ attribution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Weiner, people tend to judge task difficulty by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dweck and colleagues (1993) suggest that some people are _____ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on the basis of fixed traits, and other people are _____ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on basis of malleable traits.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Jones and Davis, attributions usually are formed by observing:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of Jones and Davis (1965) influences on making a dispositional attribution?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Kelly's attribution theory proposes that people choose the "best fit" explanation for:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Weiner's attribution theory, ability and task difficulty are _____ factors, and effort and luck are _____ factors.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For Heider, _____ include abilities and motivation, whereas _____ include task difficulty and luck.

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The "fundamental attribution error" refers to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a basic assumption of attribution theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tendency to attribute behavior to internal, stable characteristics is called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One explanation for the self-serving bias is the motive to maintain a positive self-image, called the motive for:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The study of how we make decisions about the events that we experience is called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Wortman and Brehm (1975) proposed that the initial reaction to a loss of control is a resistance to the loss of control with subsequent increased effort, which they called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Dweck and colleagues (1993) suggest that some people are _ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on the basis of fixed traits, and other people are _ theorists and view themselves and others as acting on basis of malleable traits.

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In Weiner's attribution theory, ability and task difficulty are _ factors, and effort and luck are _ factors.

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For Heider, _ include abilities and motivation, whereas _ include task difficulty and luck.

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